Norway has secured a parliamentary majority to go ahead with plans to open the Arctic Ocean to seabed mineral exploration, despite environmental groups and the fishing industry鈥檚 warnings that the move would risk the biodiversity of vulnerable ecosystems.
The country鈥檚聽minority centre-left government and two large opposition parties backed on Tuesday a government鈥檚聽proposal announced in June to position the聽country as a frontrunner in commercial-scale deep-sea mining.
The move by the European country, where vast oil and gas reserves have made it one of the world鈥檚 wealthiest nations,聽has as goal to diversify its economy away from fossil fuels.
鈥淭he renewable green industries run on minerals. This is an important contribution internationally,鈥� B氓rd Ludvig Thorheim, an MP from the main opposition Conservatives, said in the statement.
Backlash against the announcement was almost instant. The head of Greenpeace Norway, Frode Pleym, said the decision was 鈥渁 disaster for the sea鈥� and the mining would take place in 鈥渙ur last wilderness.鈥�
鈥淲e do not know what consequences this will have for the ecosystems in the sea, for endangered species such as whales and seabirds, or for the fish stocks on which we base our livelihood,鈥� he said.
Karoline Andaur, chief executive of wildlife campaign group WWF Norway, said the decision was 鈥渢he biggest disgrace in Norway鈥檚 management of the oceans in modern times, and the final nail in the coffin for Norway鈥檚 reputation as a responsible maritime nation.鈥�
Analysts highlight the risk of geopolitical tension in Europe鈥檚 northern and baltic region. The area Norway wants to open up to exploration, in the Barents Sea and Greenland Sea, is near its Arctic islands of Svalbard. Oslo claims it has the sole right to mine in this area, but Russia, the European Union and the dispute this claim.
According to the nation鈥檚 Ministry of Petroleum and Energy, the 280,000km2 (108,000 sq miles) along the mid-Atlantic Ridge, contains volcanic springs that surge from the Earth鈥檚 crust. They are believed to host an estimated 38 million tonnes of copper鈥攎ore than the world鈥檚 approximate annual copper production.
A government-sponsored survey also found rare earth elements in polymetallic sulphides, or so-called 鈥渂lack smokers鈥�, nearly 3,000 metres (9,842 feet) deep.
While international rules for seabed mineral extraction are yet to be set, Norway doesn鈥檛 need to wait, because it plans to search for minerals on its extended continental shelf.
Those that support the expansion of deep-sea mining believe that the action is central to meeting the increasing demand of mineral growth. The demand for copper and rare earth metals is predicted to grow by 40%, according to聽.听
The agency also expects that demand for nickel, cobalt and lithium will increase by 60%, 70% and 90%, respectively.听
More research needed
Opponents to seafloor mining have long-warned that consequences of both exploration and extraction聽of minerals from the seabed are unknown and that more research should be conducted before going ahead.
In a聽study聽focusing on the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the Pacific Ocean, an area targeted for deep-sea mining stretching from Hawaii to Mexico, researchers discovered over 5,000 species, with the vast majority unknown to science.
鈥淚t鈥檚 critical that we address these data gaps so we actually can understand what species are there if mining happens,鈥� said Muriel Rabone, a biologist and data analyst at the Natural History Museum in London and co-author of the study.
Another study, , compared three recent academic studies on the 鈥渘odule-to-commodity鈥� climate impact of polymetallic nodules and land ores. It concluded that deep sea nodules could have 28% higher or 76% lower climate impact than land ores.
These variations, the report says, show that available studies do not provide a good enough basis for making decisions about the future of deep sea mining.听
鈥淥ver 70% of greenhouse gas emissions for both land ores and deep sea nodules come from metallurgical processing 鈥斅爐urning raw materials into useful metals,鈥� the authors note. Climate impact is therefore less dependent on whether metals come from the deep sea or from land and more dependent on the properties of processing.鈥�
Norway has defended it position, saying that any extraction would take place only with parliamentary approval, similar to the country鈥檚 proven system applied to its oil and gas industry.
Lawmakers are expected to formally debate and vote on January 4 on the government鈥檚 amended proposal, which sets stricter environmental survey requirements during the exploration phase than originally planned.